Science is about making connections. And these can often be made between the most unlikely concepts. Thus in the posts I have made about pentavalent carbon , one can identify a series of conceptual connections.

In the previous two posts, I noted the recent suggestion of how a stable frozen S _N 2 transition state might be made. This is characterised by a central carbon with five coordinated ligands.

In this follow-up to the previous post, I will try to address the question what is the nature of the bonds in penta-coordinate carbon ? This is a difficult question to answer with any precision, largely because our concept of a bond derives from trying to define what the properties of the electrons located in the region between any two specified atoms are.

The bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction at saturated carbon is an icon of organic chemistry, and is better known by its mechanistic label, S _N 2 . It is normally a slow reaction, with half lives often measured in hours.

Chemistry can be very focussed nowadays. This especially applies to target-driven synthesis, where the objective is to make a specified molecule, in perhaps as an original manner as possible. A welcome, but not always essential aspect of such syntheses is the discovery of new chemistry.

The science journal is generally acknowledged as first appearing around 1665 with the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in London and (simultaneously) the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. By the turn of the millennium, around 10,000 science and medical journals were estimated to exist.

Chemical bonds can be assembled from components which chemists know as σ, π and δ. The blog poses the question whether any bonds can be constructed which use a fourth type of component, the φ.

An earlier post described how a (spherical) halide anion fitted snugly into a cavity generated by the simple molecule propanone, itself assembled by sodium cations coordinating to the oxygen.

The iconic diagram below represents a cornerstone of organic chemistry.

This story starts with an organic chemistry tutorial, when a student asked for clarification of the  Finkelstein reaction. This is a simple S _N 2 type displacement of an alkyl chloride or bromide, using sodium iodide in acetone solution, and resulting in an alkyl iodide. What was the driving force for this reaction he asked?