This proof assumes knowledge of complex analysis, specifically the notions of analytic functions and Liouville’s Theorem (which we will state below). The fundamental theorem of algebra has quite a few number of proofs (enough to fill a book!). In fact, it seems a new tool in mathematics can prove its worth by being able to prove the fundamental theorem in a different way.

A First Look at Google’s N-Gram Corpus In this post we will focus on the problem of finding the appropriate word boundaries in strings like “homebuiltairplanes”, as is common in web URLs like www.homebuiltairplanes.com. This is an interesting problem because humans do it so easily, but there is no obvious programmatic solution.

This primer is a third look at Python, and is admittedly selective in which features we investigate (for instance, we don’t use classes, as in our second primer on random psychedelic images). We do assume some familiarity with the syntax and basic concepts of the language. For a first primer on Python, see A Dash of Python.

Rectangles, Trapezoids, and Simpson’s I just wrapped up a semester of calculus TA duties, and I thought it would be fun to revisit the problem of integration from a numerical standpoint.

And a Pinch of Python Next semester I am a lab TA for an introductory programming course, and it’s taught in Python. My Python experience has a number of gaps in it, so we’ll have the opportunity for a few more Python primers, and small exercises to go along with it. This time, we’ll be investigating the basics of objects and classes, and have some fun with image construction using the Python Imaging Library.

We’re quite eager to get to applications of algebraic topology to things like machine learning (in particular, persistent homology). Even though there’s a massive amount of theory behind it (and we do plan to cover some of the theory), a lot of the actual computations boil down to working with matrices. Of course, this means we’re in the land of linear algebra; for a refresher on the terminology, see our primers on linear algebra.

We are about to begin a series where we analyze large corpora of English words. In particular, we will use a probabilistic analysis of Google’s ngrams to solve various tasks such as spelling correction, word segmentation, on-line typing prediction, and decoding substitution ciphers. This will hopefully take us on a wonderful journey through elementary probability, dynamic programming algorithms, and optimization.

A Study In Data Just before midnight on Thanksgiving, there was a murder by gunshot about four blocks from my home. Luckily I was in bed by then, but all of the commotion over the incident got me thinking: is murder disproportionately more common on Thanksgiving? What about Christmas, Valentine’s Day, or Saint Patrick’s Day? Of course, with the right data set these are the kinds of questions one can answer!

This is a natural follow-up to our first gallery entry on the impossibility of tiling certain chessboards with dominoes. Problem: Suppose we remove two squares from a chessboard which have opposite color. Is it possible to tile the remaining squares with 2-by-1 dominoes?

Note, while the problem below arose in ring theory (specifically, Euclidean domains), the proof itself is elementary, and so the title should not scare away any viewers. In fact, we boil the problem down to something which requires no knowledge of abstract algebra at all. Problem: Show that the ring $ \mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{2}]$ has infinitely many units.

Recalling our series on Conway’s Game of Life, here is an implementation of Life within Life. Unfortunately, it does not “prove” what I hoped it might, so unless a reader has a suggestion on what this demonstration proves, it doesn’t belong in the proof gallery. But it sure is impressive.